How Does CT Work?

Computed Tomography is based on the x-ray principal: as x-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or attenuated (weakened) at differing levels creating a matrix or profile of x-ray beams of different strength. This x-ray profile is registered on film, thus creating an image. In the case of CT, the film is replaced by a banana shaped detector which measures the x-ray profile.

Image of CT scanner, covers closed Image of CT scanner, covers open
Outside view of modern CT system showing the patient table and CT scanning patient aperture Inside view of modern CT system, the x-ray tube is on the top at the 1 o'clock position and the arc-shaped CT detector is on the bottom at the 7 o'clock position. The frame holding the x-ray tube and detector rotate around the patient as the data is gathered.

A CT scanner looks like a big, square doughnut. The patient aperture (opening) is 60 cm to 70 cm (24" to 28") in diameter. Inside the covers of the CT scanner is a rotating frame which has an x-ray tube mounted on one side and the banana shaped detector mounted on the opposite side. A fan beam of x-ray is created as the rotating frame spins the x-ray tube and detector around the patient (see figure below). Each time the x-ray tube and detector make a 360° rotation, an image or "slice" has been acquired. This "slice" is collimated (focused) to a thickness between 1 mm and 10 mm using lead shutters in front of the x-ray tube and x-ray detector.

As the x-ray tube and detector make this 360° rotation, the detector takes numerous snapshots (called profiles) of the attenuated x-ray beam. Typically, in one 360° lap, about 1,000 profiles are sampled. Each profile is subdivided spatially (divided into partitions) by the detectors and fed into about 700 individual channels. Each profile is then backwards reconstructed (or "back projected") by a dedicated computer into a two-dimensional image of the "slice" that was scanned.

Diagram of CT xray path Diagram showing relationship of x-ray tube, patient, detector, and image reconstruction computer and display monitor

Multiple computers are used to control the entire CT system. The main computer that orchestrates the operation of the entire system is called the "host computer." There is also a dedicated computer that reconstructs the "raw CT data" into an image. A workstation with a mouse, keyboard and other dedicated controls allows the technologist to control and monitor the exam. The CT gantry and table have multiple microprocessors that control the rotation of the gantry, movement of the table (up/down and in/out), tilting of the gantry for angled images, and other functions such as turning the x-ray beam on an off.

Updated: September 13, 2007

This Article Can Be Found At:

Copyright © 1997-2009 Imaginis Corporation. All rights reserved. Imaginis® is a registered service mark of Imaginis Corporation, a health services company. All other trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners. Note: Use of this online service is subject to the disclaimer and the terms and conditions contained herein. Information found within the Imaginis.com website or in other sites linked to from Imaginis.com is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to be used as a substitute for diagnosis and treatment by a medical doctor. Imaginis does not endorse and has no responsibility for the content of any other sites listed on Imaginis.com, and provides links and references merely as a convenience to its users. Seek immediate medical attention if your condition is urgent.